Plato
Plato
Theory Of Justice
Justice Does Not Involve The Illegal Observance Of Laws, As It Is Based On The Intrinsic Nature Of The Human Soul. It Is Not Even The Victory Of The Strong Over The Weak, Because It Protects The Strong From The Strong. A Just State, Plato Argues, Is Achieved With A View To The Good Of The Whole. A Just Society, Rulers, Army, Artisans All Do What They Should. In A Society, Rulers Are Wise, Soldiers Are Brave, And Builders Exercise Self-Control Or Restraint.
Plato's Notion Of Justice Is Not Considered Legal Or Just, Nor Does It Belong To The Realm Of 'Rights' And 'Duties', It Does Not Fall Within The Limits Of Law; It Is, As Such, Related To 'Social Ethics'. The Essential Features Of Plato's Conception Can Be Stated As Follows:
(I) Justice Is Another Name For Righteousness.
(II) It Is More Performance Of Duties Than Gf Rights Gleefully.
(III) It Is The Contribution Of An Individual To The Society According To His Abilities, Abilities And Capabilities.
(IV) It Is A Social Morality; Man's Responsibility.
(V) It Is The Strength Of The Social Fabric As It Comprises A Network Of Social Systems. Plato Refuted The Then Prevailing Theories Of Justice. He Denounced son's (Cephalus Polemarchus) Theory Of Justice Of The Traditional Morality, In Which Each Person Was Given His Right, In Other Words, 'to Do What Is Right For Others' (Cephalus) Or 'to Do Good To Friends'. And To Harm Enemies' (Polemarchus).
Thrasymachus : Radical Notion Of Justice, According To Which Justice Is Always In The Interest Of The Stronger. He Agreed With Thrasymachus That The Ruler, Because He Knew The Art Of Ruling, Had All The Power, But He Did Not Agree That The Ruler Rules In His Own Interest. Plato Argued Through Socrates That The Show Does Not Wear All The Shoes He Likes; The Farmer Does Not Eat The Crop He Prepares; Accordingly The Ruler Does Not Make All Those Laws Which Benefit Him.
1) Justice Is Nothing But The Principle That Every Person Should Do An Act For Which Nature Is Suitable; To Do Each One For His Own And His Own. For The Common Good.
2) Justice Means Expertise And Excellence.
3) Justice Helps People To Live In Society; A Bond That Holds Society Together; A Harmonious Union Of Classes Of Persons With The State. It Is A Bond That Brings Individuals, Classes And States Into One Frame.
4). Justice Is Both A 'public' And A 'private' Quality. It Aims At The Highest Good Of The Individual (Private) And The Whole Society (Public)
Plato's Theory Of Justice Is Totalitarian In The Sense That It Subjugates Individuals To The State .
Scheme Of Education
Distinctive Features Of Plato's Plan Of Education Are As Follows:
(I) Their Education Was Planned For The Parent Class, That Is, The Subsidiary Class And The Ruling Class; They Completely Neglected The Productive Class;
(II) The Entire Educational Plan Of Hi Was State Controlled;
(III) It Aims At Achieving The Physical, Mental, Intellectual, Moral Development Of The Human Personality;
(IV) It Consisted Of Three Phases: From The Initial 6 To 20; Higher, Between 20 And 35; Practical, Between 35 And 50;
(V) Its Purpose Was To Prepare The Rulers For Administrative State Skills; Soldiers For Military Prowess; And Producers For Material Productivity;
(VI) It Sought To Bring About A Balance Between Individual Needs And Social Need,
Criticism: Plato's Plan Of Education Was Undemocratic As It Neglected The Productive Class. It Was Limited In Nature And Limited In Extent By Placing More Emphasis On Mathematics Than Literature. The Whole Plan Was Unexpectedly And Unnecessarily Expensive. It Was An Individual In The Sense That It Restricted The Thinking Process And Autonomy Of Man. It Was Too Abstract And Too Theoretical, Not Only That, It Lost Sight Of The Administrative Intricacies.
The Community Of Wives And Property Plato's Communism, To Put Its Theory Very Briefly, Takes Two Forms. Sabine Says: "The First Is The Prohibition Of Private Property, Be It House Or Money, For Rulers (And Assistants) And The Provision That They Will Live In Barracks And Have Their Meals At A Common Table. The Second Is The Abolition Of A Permanent Monogamous Sexual Relation And Replacement Of Regulated Breeding At The Behest Of Rulers With The Aim Of Obtaining The Best Possible Progeny". This Two Types Of Communism Applied To Rulers And Assistants Called Patrons By Plato
This Is A Cons Of Eugenics; It Is A Scheme For The Emancipation Of Women; It Is A Scheme For Nationalization Of The Family. It Is For Women And Men To Develop Their Highest Abilities To Have A Better Stock, More Freedom, Criticism The Communism Of Wives And Families, Which Aristotle Alludes To, Was Bound To Cause Confusion. If There Were No Vices, A Woman Would Be The Wife Of All The Parents And A Man Would Be The Husband Of All The Women. One Might Add, As Aristotle Actually Does: A Father Will Have A Thousand Sons, And A Son, A Thousand Fathers.
Common Children Will Be Neglected, Because Everyone's Child Will Not Be Someone's Child.
It Is Very Doubtful Whether State Controlled Intercourse Will Ever Be Practical; It Would Reduce Men And Women To The Level Of Mere Animals By Suggesting Temporary Marital Relations . ,
The Whole Scheme Of Communism Is Very Rigid, Very Strict And Very Rigid. ,
Plato's Communism Of Families Suggests A System Of Marriage That Is Neither Monogamy, Nor Bigamy, Nor Polygamy, Nor Polyandry. ,
Plato's Theory Of Communism Is Too Idealistic, Too Imaginary, Too Imaginary And Accordingly Far From The Realities Of Reality.
Popper's Criticism Of Plato Popper's View Is That Plato Advocated A Closed System, Not Different From The Ideal Reproduction Of Tribalism Of The Past. For Popper, Plato's Philosophy And Theories Of Justice, Communism And Education, Etc. Are Such Subtle Ways Of Justifying Totalitarianism And Authoritarianism. Plato's Philosophy Sought To Perpetuate Or Perpetuate The Ideal Of An Anti-Democratic, Anti-Change And Open Society .
Plato Was The Philosopher And Idealist Of The Time. A Philosopher Is One Who Thinks More Than He Sees; He Sees Things In General, And Avoids What Is Special. Plat0 Was A Philosopher Who Saw The General Deteriorating Conditions Of The Urban States Of His Time.
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